communication are classified according to whether they are (1) one-way (simplex) or two-way (full duplex or half duplex) transmissions and (2) analog or digital signals.
The simplest way in which electronic communication is conducted is one-way communications, normally referred to as simplex communication. Examples are shown in Fig. 1-3. The most common forms of simplex communication are radio and TV broadcasting. Another example of one-way communication is transmission to a remotely controlled vehicle like a toy car or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV or drone).
The bulk of electronic communication is two-way, or duplex communication. Typical duplex applications are shown in Fig. 1-4.
For example, people communicating with one another over the telephone can talk and listen simultaneously, as Fig. 1-4(a) illustrates. This is called full duplex communication.
The form of two-way communication in which only one party transmits at a time is known as half duplex communication [see Fig. 1-4(b)]. The communication is two-way, but the direction alternates: the communicating parties take turns transmitting and receiving. Most radio transmissions, such as those used in the military, fire, police, aircraft, marine, and other services, are half duplex communication. Citizens band (CB), Family Radio, and amateur radio communication are also half duplex.
An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously varying voltage or current. Some typical analog signals are shown in Fig. 1-5. A sine wave is a single-frequency analog signal. Voice and video voltages are analog signals that vary in accordance with the sound or light variations that are analogous to the information being transmitted.
Digital Signals
Digital signals, in contrast to analog signals, do not vary continuously, but change in steps or in discrete increments. Most digital signals use binary or two-state codes.
Some examples are shown in Fig. 1-6. The earliest forms of both wire and radio communication used a type of on/off digital code. The telegraph used Morse code, with its system of short and long signals (dots and dashes) to designate letters and numbers. See Fig. 1-6(a). In radio telegraphy, also known as continuous-wave (CW) transmission, a sine wave signal is turned off and on for short or long durations to represent the dots and dashes. Refer to Fig. 1-6(b). Data used in computers is also digital. Binary codes representing numbers, letters, and special symbols are transmitted serially by wire, radio, or optical medium. The most commonly used digital code in communications is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII, pronounced “ask key”). Fig. 1-6(c) shows a serial binary code. Many transmissions are of signals that originate in digital form, e.g., telegraphy messages or computer data, but that must be converted to analog form to match the transmission medium. An example is the transmission of digital data over the telephone network, which was designed to handle analog voice signals only. If the digital data is converted to analog signals, such as tones in the audio frequency range, it can be transmitted over the telephone network. Analog signals can also be transmitted digitally. It is very common today to take voice or video analog signals and digitize them with an analog-to-digital (A /D) converter. The data can then be transmitted efficiently in digital form and processed by computers and other digital circuits.
Modulation and multiplexing are electronic techniques for transmitting information efficiently from one place to another. Modulation makes the information signal more compatible with the medium, and multiplexing allows more than one signal to be transmitted concurrently over a single medium. Modulation and multiplexing techniques are basic to electronic communication. Once you have mastered the fundamentals of these techniques, you will easily understand how most modern communication systems work.
GOOD TO KNOW
Multiplexing has been used in the music industry to create stereo sound. In stereo radio, two signals are transmitted and received— one for the right and one for the left channel of sound.
Before it can be transmitted, the information or intelligence must be converted to an electronic signal compatible with the medium. For example, a microphone changes voice signals (sound waves) into an analog voltage of varying frequency and amplitude. This signal is then passed over wires to a speaker or headphones. This is the way the telephone system works. A video camera generates an analog signal that represents the light variations along one scan line of the picture. This analog signal is usually transmitted over a coaxial cable. Binary data is generated by a keyboard attached to a computer. The computer stores the data and processes it in some way. The data is then transmitted on cables to peripherals such as a printer or to other computers over a LAN. Regardless of whether the original information or intelligence signals are analog or digital, they are all referred to as baseband signals. In a communication system, baseband information signals can be sent directly and unmodified over the medium or can be used to modulate a carrier for transmission over the medium. Putting the original voice, video, or digital signals directly into the medium is referred to as baseband transmission.
For example, in many telephone and intercom systems, it is the voice itself that is placed on the wires and transmitted over some distance to the receiver. In most computer networks, the digital signals are applied directly to coaxial or twisted-pair cables for transmission to another computer. In many instances, baseband signals are incompatible with the medium. Although it is theoretically possible to transmit voice signals directly by radio, realistically it is impractical. As a result, the baseband information signal, be it audio, video, or data, is normally used to modulate a high-frequency signal called a carrier. The higher- frequency carriers radiate into space more efficiently than the baseband signals themselves. Such wireless signals consist of both electric and magnetic fields. These electromagnetic signals, which are able to travel through space for long distances, are also referred to as radio-frequency (RF) waves, or just radio waves.
Modulation is the process of having a baseband voice, video, or digital signal modify another, higher-frequency signal, the carrier. The process is illustrated in Fig. 1-7. The information or intelligence to be sent is said to be impressed upon the carrier. The carrier is usually a sine wave generated by an oscillator. The carrier is fed to a circuit called a modulator along with the baseband intelligence signal. The intelligence signal changes the carrier in a unique way. The modulated carrier is amplifi ed and sent to the antenna for transmission. This process is called broadband transmission. Consider the common mathematical expression for a sine wave:
The three ways to make the baseband signal change the carrier sine wave are to vary its amplitude, vary its frequency, or vary its phase angle. The two most common methods of modulation are amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). In AM, the baseband information signal called the modulating signal varies the amplitude of the higher-frequency carrier signal, as shown in Fig. 1-8(a). It changes the Vp part of the equation. In FM, the information signal varies the frequency of the carrier, as shown in Fig. 1-8(b). The carrier amplitude remains constant. FM varies the value of f in the first angle term inside the parentheses. Varying the phase angle produces phase modulation (PM). Here, the second term inside the parentheses (θ) is made to vary by the intelligence signal. Phase modulation produces frequency modulation; therefore, the PM signal is similar in appearance to a frequency-modulated carrier. Two common examples of transmitting digital data by modulation are given in Fig. 1-9. In Fig. 1-9(a), the data is converted to frequency-varying tones. This is called frequency-shift keying (FSK). In Fig. 1-9(b), the data introduces a 180º-phase shift. This is called phase-shift keying (PSK). Devices called modems (modulator-demodulator) translate the data from digital to analog and back again. Both FM and PM are forms of angle modulation. At the receiver, the carrier with the intelligence signal is amplified and then demodulated to extract the original baseband signal. Another name for the demodulation process is detection. (See Fig. 1-10.)
The use of modulation also permits another technique, known as multiplexing, to be used. Multiplexing is the process of allowing two or more signals to share the same medium or channel; see Fig. 1-11. A multiplexer converts the individual baseband signals to a composite signal that is used to modulate a carrier in the transmitter. At the receiver, the composite signal is recovered at the demodulator, then sent to a demultiplexer where the individual baseband signals are regenerated (see Fig. 1-12). There are three basic types of multiplexing: frequency division, time division, and code division. In frequency-division multiplexing, the intelligence signals modulate subcarriers on different frequencies that are then added together, and the composite signal is used to modulate the carrier. In optical networking, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is equivalent to frequency-division multiplexing for the optical signals. In time-division multiplexing, the multiple intelligence signals are sequentially sampled, and a small piece of each is used to modulate the carrier. If the information signals are sampled fast enough, sufficient details are transmitted that at the receiving end the signal can be reconstructed with great accuracy. In code-division multiplexing, the signals to be transmitted are converted to digital data that is then uniquely coded with a faster binary code. The signals modulate a carrier on the same frequency. All use the same communications channel simultaneously. The unique coding is used at the receiver to select the desired signal
The applications of electronic techniques to communication are so common and pervasive that you are already familiar with most of them. You use the telephone, listen to the radio, and watch TV. You also use other forms of electronic communication, such as cellular telephones, ham radios, CB and Family radios, home wireless networks for Internet access, texting, electronic mail, and remote-control garage door openers. Fig. 1-17 lists all the various major applications of electronic communication.
What Is Electronic Communication?
Agent In Artificial Intelligence ( AI )
Common Base Connection | Transistor Connections
Electron Emission | Thermionic Emitter | Its types
Mcqs of PN junction, Semiconductor
What is Transistor | Definition | Principle | Properties
Mcqs of Special Diode | Review Topics | Questions of Special Diode
1) CLICK HERE TO READ RELATED ARTICALS
2). CLICK HERE TO READ RELATED ARTICALS
What is Parallel and Serial Transmission? Transmission:- There are two ways to move binary bits from one place to another:…
Digital Transmission of Data ( Digital Communication )The term data refers to information to be communicated. Data is in digital…
Types of Frequency Demodulator Frequency Demodulator: Any circuit that will convert a frequency variation in the carrier back to a…
Phase Modulators and Its Types Phase Modulators:- Most modern FM transmitters use some form of phase modulation to produce indirect…
Types of Frequency Modulator Frequency modulator is a circuit that varies carrier frequency in accordance with the modulating signal. The…
Frequency Modulation Versus Amplitude Modulation Advantages of FM Advantage, Disadvantage and Application of FM:- In general, FM is considered to…
This website uses cookies.
View Comments
Biotic Sweets https://bbuycialisss.com/# - Buy Cialis lygiergy Online Pharamacy goohap Buy Cialis Gredadoradow Viagra Bald Gunstiger
cialis price history Friereeextep https://acialisd.com/# - Cialis oriftNic Cialis 5 10 Mg Without Pres narmSpaf Cialis Mindruiz Discount Isotretinoin In Usa Drugs With Free Shipping